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Mexico. Some assert that Moyses mother, Marie-Marthe, also known as Martine, was Toussaints illegitimate daughter with Cecile, a free person of color, which would make Moyse an illegitimate grandson of Toussaint. 13. What is true about the relationship between the Creoles and the peninsulares in Latin America in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? His leadership made him realize that his instincts were great and he could become a great ruler. Toussaint L'Ouverture. Moyse was executed at the Grand Fort not far from Port-de-Paix, after a martial rendered his decision (at the order of Toussaint LOuverture), along with thirteen others. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Who were the instigators? 2016. He was also known as Toussaint Breda. Toussaint is thought to have been born on the plantation of Brda at Haut de Cap in Saint-Domingue, which was owned by the Comte de No and later managed by Bayon de Libertat. 60 seconds . Toussaint L'Ouverture started his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in Saint-Domingue, which was a French colony.When he did this he was a free black man (not a slave). What did Louis XVI do in response to the demands of the National Assembly? Napoleon was named first consul of the republic, and a new constitution consolidating his position was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite in December 1799. Which Haitian revolutionary was the first to demand political rights for all free citizens? Turning the Tide. In telling the story of Toussaint Louverture, why should emphasis be placed on his role as ruler of Haiti? The French saw an opportunity for revenge against the British for the humiliating defeats they had suffered in the Seven Years' War; thus, they supplied the American rebels with guns and gunpowder from the beginning of the conflict. Use the Active Reading Model notes in the margins to help you. (HAITI) Moyse Hyacinthe Letter Concerning the Purchase of Spanish Lands. n.d. Accessed April 26, 2022. https://catalogue.swanngalleries.com/Lots/auction-lot/(HAITI)-Moyse-Hyacinthe-Letter-concerning-the-purchase-of-Sp?saleno=2420&lotNo=352&refNo=717299. As Spain's control over its Latin American colonies diminished, foreign traders, especially from the United States, swarmed into Spanish-American ports. All slaves were freed. [2], In 1794, Moyse was arrested by Don Lleonart during the feud with Biassart, as a method of intimidation and threat to Toussaint. Napoleon, nationally revered for his heroism, was an ideal choice for the strong ruler the conspirators were seeking, so they and Napoleon organized a takeover. Why? . How did the white colonial elite of Saint-Domingue respond to the ideals of revolutionary France? Jr. Martin Luther King used non violence as a weapon to bring justice and equality to the segregated Black society of America. New York: Vintage Books. Biography of Moyse L'Ouverture, a figure of the Hatian Revolution. (your article name) is (description). Haiti. The group attempted to burn and pillage the city of le Cap, but were halted by Henri Christophe, who broke up the first wave of the revolt. Women lost many of the gains they made in the 1790s and were regarded as dependents of males. Which of the following statements describes Napoleon's domestic policy after taking power in France? Spain . What did Toussaint L'ouverture get when he made the deal with the neighboring country? Study sets, textbooks, questions. The National Convention abolished slavery in all French colonies in 1794. Toussaint believed Saint-Domingue's survival and the survival of freedom itself depended on his ability to mobilize people to rebuild the devastated economy. What reason did San Martn and Bolvar want to combine forces? INTRODUCTION. Traditional English rights 3. Under what conditions did Toussaint L'Ouverture to end the Revolution? [2] The revolution was widespread in the North and numbered at least 6,00 workers. The remarkable leader of this slave revolt was Toussaint Breda (later called Toussaint L'Ouverture, and sometimes the black Napoleon). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Donnadieu, Jean-Louis, and Philippe Girard. Women lost many of the gains they made in the 1790s under the Napoleonic Code; instead, they were regarded as dependents of a male relative and were barred from making contracts or having bank accounts in their own name. This answer is: Helpful ( 0) Not Helpful ( Related Topics. Why did Andr Rigaud resent the rise of Toussaint L'Ouverture in Saint-Domingue? Born into slavery on May 20, 1743 in the French colony of Saint Dominque, L'Ouverture was the eldest son of Gaou Guinon, an African prince who was captured by slave traders. all citizens. Originally a slave, Toussaint had been freed before the Revolution and at one time owned a small plantation with 15 slaves. Instead, he condemned Moyse to immediate execution. Louverture, Moyse Hyacinthe. n.d. Oxford African American Studies Center. In order to compete with Great Britain and Holland in the struggle for empire, Spain adopted free-trade policies that allowed trade without government interference. Toussaint L'Ouverture. Toussaint L'Ouverture. Age Great Divine Beginning Four. used German mercenaries. . They fled to Rio de Janeiro in the Portuguese colony of Brazil. From that point forward in the Revolution, peasants were determined to protect and consolidate this victory. TikTok - trends start here. The following are He was against it and did not participate . How did the Venezuelan declaration reflect the unique circumstances that existed there? In the given sentences, if a subject and verb or a pronoun and its antecedent do not agree, draw a line through each incorrect word and write the correct word above it. 13. was a priest started a slave revolt crushed a slave revolt led a revolution in South America 3. Their leader, Toussaint l'Ouverture, established relations with the United States and Britain. The other part stayed behind to fight and were hurt or killed on the battlefield. James, C. L. R. 1963. Toussaint incorporates freedom and equality into constitution. An anonymous witness to the events observed: Quel tait le but de ce mouvement. Study now. Napoleon granted amnesty to one hundred thousand returning nobles on condition they take a loyalty oath. Monopolies, guilds, and workers' associations were prohibited, and barriers to trade within France were abolished in the name of economic liberty. Toussaint L'Ouverture was a plantation slave in Breda, where he he was a driver. Why did the parlements of France oppose raising taxes to pay for the Seven Years' War? What were eighteenth-century liberals' ideas toward equality between men and women? Moyse was known for his bravery on the battlefield. 1. 16. 9.6.3 Test (TST)_ Imperialism, Nationalism, and Political Revolutions (1).pdf, MANJINDER_SINGH_-_126_Egalite_for_all_-_Toussaint_L_ouverture_and_the_Haitian_Revolution_Film_Questi, Young Women's Leadership Academy-Fort Worth, The Similarities and Differences of The Causes French and Haitian Revolution.docx, Copy of Egalite for all: Toussaint L_ouverture and the Haitian Revolution Film Questions, California Polytechnic State University, Pomona, RichardChear_Haitian Revolution Documentary guided questions (1).docx, how-should-we-remember-toussaint-louverture-ev_student_work (1).docx, The environmental sustainability movement encourages companies to A actively, In the case of salaries he should be Vouched with the salary book The auditor, 495 123 THE INTERPRETATION OF STATUTES A statute is defined to be the will of, 11 I By 1984 NASA the United States space program had carried out many, wickedwhimssexintegralroutinginteractions No module named wickedwhimssexintegral, comes to the conviction that subject to said measures the transaction will not, It remains to prove the assertions regarding a d Suppose C X c as We claim, QUESTION 5 Indicate when natural interruption of prescription will occur 1 when, Metaparadigm is a broad concept referring to the subject matter of greatest interest to a member of, 180 9172022 Feat 30 170 5252017 Duck 86 122 5122022 Echo 75 110 8122022 Fist 80, Name Importance Maximum Requests CPU Time sec Memory Grant Memory Grant Time out, Absolute threshold Maximum sound level required to detect a sound Relative, Understanding Primary Productivity.docx.pdf, Create the outline based on these requirements: using two critical lenses to analyze how the concept of resilience is addressed in Death of a Salesman . Standing steadfastly, he fought to end slavery and gain Haiti's independence from European powers, France and Spain.Forming an army of former slaves and deserters from the French and Spanish armies, he . Toussaint Louverture, 1743?-1803 and France. Attached to the soil of this country, unite yourselves with your chief to render it fruitful and to preserve it in its current state of prosperity. 2. Influence over a government's leadership, organization, or policies. They were confronted with the difficult problem of reconciling their enlightened principles with the extremely profitable, but fundamentally unequal, institution of slavery. Toussaints is an epic story, and it lies at the heart of a much praised trilogy by Bell, the prolific American novelist. Louverture, Moyse Hyacinthe. In Dictionary of Caribbean and AfroLatin American Biography. Law Who led Hidalgo's army after he was executed? The rebels reportedly shouted phrases like Death to whites! and General Moyse is on our side!. Why was the Committee of Public Safety formed during the French Revolution of 17. Women played an important role in the revolutions in Europe and the Atlantic world, but in the case of both revolutions, formal political rights were limited to men. On the night of August 21, 1791, the barrels exploded. Fear of marauders and vagabonds hired by those lords led to the Great Fear, which seized the rural poor and fanned the flames of rebellion. In issuing the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the National Assembly called for equality before the law, representative government for a sovereign people, and individual freedom. The Treaty of Paris What economic system was established by the Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution? Unclaimed land remained free for anyone to use. PBS Egalite for All: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution (2009) I am Toussaint Louverture. What agreement reached in 1801 resolved long-standing tensions between the Catholic Church and France? On June 20 the delegates of the third estate pledged not to disband until they had been recognized as a national assembly and had written a new constitution. The Purposes of Art People created art to record ideas and feelings long before they had written words. Toussaints is an epic story, and it lies at the heart of a much praised trilogy by Bell, the prolific American novelist. Many Latin American revolutionaries modelled their calls for liberation on the American Declaration of Independence, but there were important differences. The laboring poor and the petty traders of Paris were known as the sans-culottes and demanded radical political action to guarantee them their daily bread, and the Mountain, sensing an opportunity to outmaneuver the Girondists, joined with sans-culottes activists to engineer a popular uprising. Failure to do so reinforced the conviction that these people were uncivilized heathens (non-Christians). The (Ohioans they, Ohioans) have an unusually shaped state flag. Spain believed its Latin American colonies should pay for some of their own defense. Aided by the British navy, the Portuguese royal family fled to Rio de Janeiro, which had a profound effect on Brazilian independence decades later. Paris: Paul Ollendorf. [4], Moyse began to register opposition to Louverture in response to Toussaints singular passing of the 1801 constitution in July, seen as a sign of despotism and cooperation with the French. Accessed April 26, 2022. https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-74390. Creation of revolutionary art (22:00) How did the white . Napoleon's bargain with the middle class was codified in the famous Civil Code of March 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code, which reasserted two of the fundamental principles of the Revolution of 1789: equality of all male citizens before the law and absolute security of wealth and private property. As warfare commenced in the American Revolution, the colonists were especially incensed by the fact that the British. What was unusual about the Mexican revolution and movement for independence? Toussaint refused to let the military tribunal even try Moyse. Even though Brazil remained a monarchy after independence, Creole elites dominated society as they did elsewhere in Latin America. Toussaint L'Ouverture was a French general, but instead for France, he fought for Haiti and its people, leading the Haitian Revolution against the French. Accessed April 26, 2022. https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-74390. Which Haitian revolutionary was the first to demand political rights for all free citizens? Under L'Ouverture, the Haitians got much better organized. 2014. Called an army toward the capital to bring the delegates under control. What does Spain do when the Creoles, Mestizos, and Indians declared independence? He was influenced by the French Revoluution, lead an army over Andes Mountains into New Various sources have given birth dates between What problem confronted the French in Haiti after the publication of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in 1789? It began in 1791 in the French colony of Saint Dominique (later Haiti). That it should be constrained by the will of the people, John Locke believed that a government should, In the Tennis Court Oath, the delegates of the third estate pledged to not disband until they had been recognized as a national assembly and had. Negative -extreme nationalism leads to war, no change: no voting, absolute monarchs rule (nobles, landowners), some change: educated vote, more power for Parliaments (middle class, merchants), drastic change: all people should vote, government should be full democracy (poor, workers), John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment. Officers Pageot and Martiabls cast judgement on Moyse and demanded he be held responsible during a special counsel on the matter. Why? The wars helped to alleviate domestic economic problems, including unemployment. Tags: Topics: Question 2 . Toussaint's clever military tactics led to successful battles and the emancipation of all slaves, which shows that he was an extremely effective military leader. They were afraid of the royal army massing near Paris. Which of the following statements characterizes the actions of the early American republic toward slaves? Still, his political motives remained somewhat obscure in the summer and fall of 1793. 2017-12-20 12:55:49. Creation of a representative government On the night of August 21, 1791, the barrels exploded. Franois Dominique Toussaint was born to a slave in French-occupied Brda, St-Domingue (now Haiti), about 1743. Georges Jacques Danton Peasants THIS volume contains two distinct works,--a Biography and an Autobiography. Who do the French people elect to be president? Only if France ends slavery in Saint Domingue, The French capture him and put him in a prison in the French Alps. This instrument of public execution, the guillotine, was associated with which of the following events? Why was the Committee of Public Safety formed during the French Revolution of 1793? 1. His military and political influence were key in the first black insurrection (1791). Moyse had rallied an impressive resistance to Toussaint, who was terrified his nephew would supplant him. Eighteenth-century liberals of Europe and the Americas emphasized equality among. 18. Read another short story using appropriate Active Reading Strategies. After whites refused to end slavery in Saint Domingue, thousands of plantations were burned and thousands of whites and mixed race people were killed. He was 60. Venezuela. Led by former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture, the revolutionaries had taken control of a third of the island by 1792. Cauna, Jacques de. [39] Kris Cut 1000 To 1 Instagram. Why. Pluto Press. Why did Toussaint and his trained army fight the French for 12 years? His army disciplined, mobile, combat effective became the spine of the slave revolution. For this purpose, he saved 6 million francs, equivalent that sum in dollars now, which he entrusted to Stephen Girard, an American ship captain. The judicial nobility Priests were required to take an oath of loyalty to the state. Like Great Britain, Spain believed its colonies should bear some of the costs of their own defense. In addition to the number of votes it was allowed, how else did the third estate want to reform the Estates General before that body met in 1789? The fate of this man has been singularly unfortunate, and his treatment most cruel. Which social group did the baron de Montesquieu believe could provide a defense of liberty? Ending nobles' privileges responded in part to the grievances of the peasantry. The revolution Toussaint led is said to have been an inspiration to abolitionists such as John Brown, who attempted a violent overthrow of the American system of slavery, and to many Africans who fought for independence for their countries in the mid-20th century. -PBS Egalite for All: Toussaint Louverture and the . Beyond imposing political unity by force, the Terror also sought to bring the Revolution into all aspects of everyday life; the government sponsored revolutionary art and songs as well as new secular festivals to encourage republican virtue. The Biography was first published in London, ten years since, as "The Life of Toussaint L'Ouverture, the Negro Patriot of Hayti: By the Rev. Members of these returning elite soon found themselves in high posts serving the state. Under L'Ouverture, the Haitians got much better organized. The Venezuelan Declaration of Independence of 1811 contained this passage: "Calling on the SUPREME BEING to witness the justice of our proceedings . Influence over a government's leadership, organization, or policies. Moyse and the black laborers organized another insurrection. The weakness of the central government How did the whites react? They used art then as we use it today. Following the success of the Latin American wars of independence, what was the political goal of Simn Bolvar? L'Ouverture was hesitant to join, but eventually joined the riots. French occupation of Spain isolated it from its colonies. 14. The revolution Toussaint led is said to have been an inspiration to abolitionists such as John Brown, who attempted a violent overthrow of the American system of slavery, and to many Africans who fought for independence for their countries in the mid-20th century. Toussaint L'Ouverture (c. 1743-1803) was the leader of the Haitian Revolution. They promised to amend the Constitution to include a Bill of Rights. . Expert solutions. 2011-01-01 19:45:42. 4. How did Toussaint L'Ouverture respond to Spain's entry into the slave revolt on Saint-Domingue in 1793? What assertion was made in the Declaration of Pillnitz, issued in 1791? James reports Moyse had been stolen from Africa as a child as part of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and was originally part of the Arada Nation, a coastal West African kingdom in what is now southern Benin. Britain Led by former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture, the revolutionaries had taken control of a third of the island by 1792. Toussaint Louverture Quotes: At the beginning of the troubles of Saint Domingo, I felt that I was destined to great things. Toussaint L'Ouverture was a French general, but instead for France, he fought for Haiti and its people, leading the Haitian Revolution against the French. Which of the following was a problem the Constitutional Convention in 1787 attempted to fix? Download the app to get started. Quiz & Worksheet Goals. After the Declaration of the Rights of Man was written, the rights were applied to all men, even Haitian slaves. Jun, 05, 2022 it encouraged the growth of reactive nationalism. Copy. what did toussaint l ouverture prefer before using violence quizletmartin lipton daughtermartin lipton daughter 17. Ballarat Population Growth, Originally allied with Toussaint LOuverture, Moyse grew disillusioned with the minimal labor reform and land distribution for black former slaves under the LOuverture administration and lead a rebellion against Toussaint in 1801. Only about half of all priests consented to take the oath. In early 1793 the Spanish began to bring slave leaders and their soldiers into the Spanish army. See answer (1) Best Answer. Which of the following activities was a feature of the French Revolution's Reign of Terror that amounted to a cultural revolution? Mose, Claude. About how many people joined Hidalgo's army? The Biography was first published in London, ten years since, as "The Life of Toussaint L'Ouverture, the Negro Patriot of Hayti: By the Rev. What role did region play in the Pagan kingdom and Khmer empire? At first it was thought he would be the successor, and the whites decided that if Mose ever ruled they would leave.[1], Moyse was one of the most ardent leaders of the first uprising in 1791. The correct answer is: Moyse (Mose, Moise) Hyacinthe L'Ouverture (1773 - 1801) was a military leader in Saint-Domingue during the Haitian Revolution. . Who creates another constitution in France? Why did the French monarchy support the liberal American Revolution? Toussaint became the leader of a swelling insurrection of the entire black population of Haiti. What was the nature of the most severe restrictions American colonists faced from England prior to the American Revolution? How did the 1685 Code Noir originally treat free people of color who lived in the French colonies? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Although Louvertures arrest began a period of French control on the island, the French victory was short-lived. Third estate What is the relationship between specialized workers and complex institutions? It marked the triumph of the third estate's bid to create a constitutional monarchy. Again, Toussaint proves how mature and decent he is: In the darkness, he thought about death because he knew that was what awaited him. The Spanish army that was led by the Creoles won. How did Napoleon seize control of France and take down the Directory? When Napoleonic forces invaded Portugal, what happened to the Portuguese royal family? and more. Or perhaps today is the secret of General Toussaint who did not allow his trial to be held regularly, and wanted him to be condemned without being heard, On the 25th of October, Toussaint LOuverture issued a proclamation addressing the events. 2d ed., rev. [and] the desire we have of living and dying free, and of believing and defending the holy Catholic and Apostolic Religion of Jesus Christ. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199935796.001.0001/acref-9780199935796-e-1238. Use the Active Reading Model notes in the margins to help you. This was the role assumed by Toussaint LOuverture and his army in 1794. Hadn't he taken advice only from himself? Who assisted Maximilien Robespierre in leading the Mountain in opposition to the Girondists during the French Revolution? Ungraded . Louverture started his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in Saint-Domingue, which was a French colony. Directoire excutif. what did toussaint l ouverture prefer before using violence quizlet; what did toussaint l ouverture prefer before using violence quizlet. The weak central government established by the Articles of Confederation was ill-equipped to deal with the challenges the new nation faced. Slavery They saw an opportunity to take control of their own affairs and maintain their slave society. What was the ultimate fate of Toussaint L'Ouverture, leader of the revolt in Saint-Domingue? Jr. Martin Luther King used non violence as a weapon to bring justice and equality to the segregated Black society of America. He was a military general, so he was very smart in warfare, tactically strong, and knew the weaknesses of the French troops. A meticulous man, Harvey rarely proofreads his writing. Completely wooden except for the heavy iron blade, the guillotine was devised by a French revolutionary doctor named Guillotin as a humane method of execution and was widely used to execute politicians and others in the French Revolution. The new constitution adopted in France in 1791 established what form of government? Unit 06: Egalite Use Chronological Reasoning- understanding that sequences of events play a key role in understanding and analyzing history. Vie de Toussaint Louverture. Voulait-il faire scission avec la France? Toussaint L'Ouverture. When he did this he was a black man . Toussaint Louverture: The Story of the Only Successful Slave Revolt in History is a three-act play about Toussaint L'Ouverture, the leader of the Haitian Revolution (21 August 1791 - 1 January 1804), written by C. L. R. James in 1934. Copy. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. answer choices . The workers around him, what CLR James called the vanguard of the revolution, were not satisfied with Toussaints labor policies. The calling of an assembly of notables to gain support for fiscal reform In 1793, Toussaint Louverture made an army of 4,000 troops to fight against the French. Why did Andr Rigaud resent the rise of Toussaint L'Ouverture in Saint-Domingue? Refusing to give up his place, Moyse and his army fought back. What did the British Parliament intend to finance by passing the Stamp Act of 1765? The actions were mixed, varying from state to state. His execution was the final disillusionment of the black working-class against Toussaint. A French military rendering of the August 1791 slave revolt. C. L. R. James has stated that the success of the Haitian Revolution was almost entirely the result of the leadership of Toussaint LOuverture. Although the Seven Years' War began in Europe as a war between Austria and Prussia, what country emerged from the war with the most territorial gains? Toussaint L'Ouverture was a well-well-known head of the resistance of the Haitian Revolution. Toussaint L'ouverture was a leader in the Haitian independence movement during the French rev. In March 1936, the play was staged for two performances in the Westminster Theatre in London's West End by the Stage Society, a private club, to avoid Theatres . Though executed, the insurrection he directed highlighted the failure of the Haitian Revolution in creating real revolutionary labor change and ignited the movement that drove LOuverture from office. It is always in the interests of the metropolis that he scolds me; but these interests are those of the whites, and I shall only love them when they have given back the eye that they made me lost in battle."[4]. Who became a key military leader in Saint-Domingue in 1796? The federal government assumed too many powers from the state governments. However, Moyse eventually fled with part of his regiment. Start studying Toussaint L'Ouverture. Paris ISBN 2-86537-043-7; Coopration interuniversitaire Hati-Grenoble-Chambry: Toussaint Louverture 1743 - 1803 (French online biographical text) Toussaint L'Ouverture. what did toussaint l ouverture prefer before using violence quizlet He was also known as Toussaint Breda. The Creoles wanted to free themselves from Spain and Portugal and to rule the colonies themselves. junio 24, 2022; la prairie skin caviar alternative; heniff transportation pay scale A formidable military leader he turned the colony into a country governed by former black slaves as a nominal French protectorate and made himself ruler of the entire island of Hispaniola. True or False: Touissant L'Ouverture lived to see a free and independent Haiti. The slave revolt spread fast, giving rise to numerous armed rebel bands. . What did Toussaint Louverture prefer before using violence? He developed a passion for books and his readings were to become a great influence in his political life. . Defense of the colonies Beauvoir-Dominique, Rachel. We, therefore . The news of this betrayal triggered mass slave revolts in Saint Dominique, and Toussaint became the leader of the slave rebellion. Subjects. Moyse Louveture. In the summer of 1789, throughout France, peasants began to rise in insurrection against their lords. On the night of August 21, 1791, the barrels exploded. What was the wealth of Haiti based on in the 18th and 19th century? Who led the army that defeated Spain in Peru? 2017-12-20 12:55:49. What goal did rebels in Haiti achieve in 1798? In August 1791 the monarchs of Austria and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which professed their willingness to intervene in France to restore Louis XVI's rule if necessary. In 1938, Jacob Lawrence set out to tell Toussaint L'Ouverture's story through art. In August 1791 the monarchs of Austria and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which professed their willingness to intervene in France to restore Louis XVI's rule if necessary. Toussaint Louverture was not somebody who liked violence, really. Which of these treaties brought the Seven Years' War to an end? Mexico. Austria and Prussia threatened to intervene in France to restore Louis XVI's rule. Ou peut tre est aujourdhui le secret du gnral Toussaint qui na pas permis que son procs lui fut rgulirement fait, et a voulu quil fut condamn sans tre entendu[8] What step did Robespierre and the Committee for Public Safety take as part of their effort to defeat the armies of the First Coalition during the French Revolution?